Full text in pdf format
Egg size, yolk mass extrusion and hatching behavior in two cryptic species of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Tephritidae)
Denise Selivon; João S, Morgante; André Luiz P. Perondini
Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461, 05422-970 São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Send correspondence to D.S.
ABSTRACT
Variations in egg length were observed for two populations of cryptic species of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann). The eggs of type I flies were smaller than those of type II individuals. For both types, in regard to yolk mass extrusion, four classes of embryos were detected. Class 1: embryos that extrude masses at both extremities; class 2: embryos in which extrusion occurs only at the anterior pole; class 3: embryos that eliminate mass only at the posterior pole, and class 4: embryos that do not extrude any mass. Embryo class frequencies were similar for populations belonging to the same type, but different between types. Individual females may produce eggs from different embryo classes, but for any given female the pattern remains constant during a long period of oviposition. Variation in size of the extruded masses was similar for both populations. Individual females produced embryos with a small range of mass diameters, and different females produced masses of different mean size. However, individual mass size remained constant during oviposition. The results suggest the existence of genetic components involved in the control of this unusual process. Larvae of both types presented, just before eclosion, similar unusual behaviors: they ingest the anterior extruded mass, rotate 180°, absorb the posterior mass and eclose near the posterior pole. Data show that cryptic A. fraterculus type I and type II differs in regard to egg size as well as to the phenomenon of yolk mass extrusion.
Keywords: Egg size; yolk mass; hatching; Anastrepha; Tephritidae.
REFERENCES
Anderson, D.T. (1962). The embryology of Dacus tryoni (Frogg.), the Queensland fruit fly. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 10: 248-262.
Baker, A.C., Stone, W.E., Plummer C.C. and McPhail, H. (1944). A review of studies on the Mexican fruit fly and related Mexican species. LI S Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 531: 1-155
Boleli, I.C. and Teles, M.M.D.C. (1992). Egg length of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart (Diptera, Tephritidae) according to oviposition rate and maternal age. Rev. Bras. Zool. 9: 215-221.
Boller, E.F. (1968). An artificial oviposition device for the European cherry fly, Rhagoletis cerasi. J. Econ. Entornol. 61: 1227-1234.
Carroll, L.E. and Wharton, R.A. (1989). Morphology of the immature stages of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entornol. Soc. Am. 82: 201-214.
Emmart, E.W. (1933). The eggs of four species of fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha. Proc. Entornol. Soc. Wash. 35: 184-191.
Karlsson, B. and Wiklund, C. (1984). Egg weight variation and lack of correlation between egg weight and offspring fitness in the wall brown butterfly Lasiommata megera. Oikos 43: 376-385.
Margaritis, L.H. (1985). Comparative study of the eggshell of the fruit flies Dacus oleae and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Can. J. Zool. 63: 2194-2206.
Moore, R.E. and Singer, M.C. (1987). Effects of maternal age and adult diet on egg weight in the butterfly Euphydryas aditha. Ecol. Entornol. 12: 401-408.
Morgante, J.S., Malavasi, A. and Bush, G.L. (1980). Biochemical systematics and evolutionary relationships of neotropical Anastrepha. Ann. Entornol. Soc. Am. 73: 622-630.
Murillo, T. and Jirón, L.F. (1994). Egg morphology of Anastrepha obliqua and some comparative aspects with eggs of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae). Fl. Entomol. 77: 342-348.
Murphy, D.D., Launer, A.E. and Erlich, P.R. (1983). The role of adult feeding in egg production and population dynamics of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha. Oecologia 56: 257-263.
Norrbom, A.L. (1985). Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the cryptostrepha, daciformes, robusta and schausi species of Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae). Doctoral thesis, Pennsylvania State University, Norristown.
Ometto, A.C. and Morgante, J.S. (1995). Estudo demográfico em duas populações de Anastrepha fraterculus. Braz. J. Genet. 18 (Suppl.): 279 (Abstract).
Sein, F. (1933). Anastrepha (Trypetidae, Diptera) fruit flies in Puerto Rico. J. Dep. Agric. Puerto Rico 17: 183-196.
Selivon, D. (1996). Estudo sobre a diferenciação populacional em Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Tephritidae). Doctoral thesis, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
Selivon, D. and Morgante, J.S. (1995). Caracterização isozímica e cariotípica de duas populações de Anastrepha fraterculus (Tephritidae). Braz. J. Genet. 18 (Suppl.): 277 (Abstract).
Selivon, D. and Perondini, A.L.P. (1997). Extrusion of yolk masses by hybrid embryos of two cryptic species of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae). Braz. J. Genet. 20: 253-255.
Selivon, D., Morgante, J.S. and Perondini, A.L.P. (1995). Diferenças em alguns aspectos da embriogênese de moscasdas-frutas dos gêneros Anastrepha e Ceratitis. Braz. J. Genet. 18 (Suppl.): 276 (Abstract).
Selivon, D., Morgante, J.S., Ribeiro, A.F. and Perondini, A.L.P. (1996). Extrusion of masses of yolk during embryonary development of the fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 29: 1-7.
Solferini, V.N. and Morgante, J.S. (1987). Karyotype study of eight species of Anastrepha (Diptera, Tephritidae). Caryologia 40: 229-241.
Steck, G.J. (1991). Biochemical systematics and population genetic structure of Anastrepha fraterculus and related species (Diptera, Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84: 10-28.
Steck, G.J. and Malavasi, A. (1988). Description of the immature stages of Anastrepha bistrigata (Diptera; Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81: 1004-1009.
Steck, G.J. and Sheppard, W.S. (1993). Mitochondrial DNA variation in Anastrepha fraterculus. In: Fruit Flies: Biology and Management (Aluja, M. and Liedo, P., eds.). SpringerVerlag, New York, pp. 9-14.
Steck, G.J. and Wharton, R.A. (1988). Description of immature stages of Anastrepha interrupta, A. limae, A. grandis (Diptera, Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81: 994-1003.
Stone, A. (1942). The fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha. U S Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 439: 1-112.
Varley, G.C. (1937). The life-history of some trypetid flies, with descriptions of the early stages (Diptera). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (A) 12: 109-122.
White, I.M. and Marquardt, K. (1989). A revision of genus Chaetorellia Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) including a new species associated with spotted kanpweed, Centaura maculosa Lam. (Astaraceae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 79: 435-487.
Wiklund, C. and Persson, A. (1983). Fecundity and the relation of egg weight variation to offspring fitness in the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria, or why don't butterfly females lay more eggs? Oikos 40: 53-63